Reaction pathways for electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol on Au/C and Pt/C catalysts in alkaline medium, with the starting potentials for observed reaction paths marked. In a graphic manner, these can be plotted as the chloride concentration versus the probability of depassivation.įig. The result for chloride threshold (Cl th) in % by cement weight = 0.771 ± 0.2 for total chloride content that is, at 95% probability the average value is 0.771 with a standard deviation of ☐.2. The best manner to handle chloride threshold is to consider the statistical distribution for depassivation obtained from the results shown in Figure 14.7 ( Izquierdo et al., 2004), where the distribution of (total) chloride thresholds for potential values more anodic than −200 mV SCE is presented. The chloride threshold is higher as the potential becomes more cathodic. It can be deduced from recent work that the chloride threshold depends on the rest potential. Study of the chloride threshold's ability to induce corrosion has generated more heat than light, but still is a valid consideration for a limit of 0.4% of Cl − based on a simple calibration of the bound Cl − of an ordinary Portland cement. 2.ĭepassivation by chloride and chloride threshold. It remains to establish a clearer link of the characteristics of the passive layer to the chloride threshold. Very interesting papers have been published by Elsener et al. The most important to be emphasized are the following: 1. The phenomenon of depassivation and the start of corrosion seems to be much studied however, there are numerous aspects in addition to the chloride threshold ( Gouda and Monfore, 1965 Glass and Buenfeld, 1997 Hausmann, 1964 Lambert et al., 1991 Izquierdo et al., 2004 Markeset, 2009), which is the most commonly mentioned, that remain not fully elucidated. When the carbonation front or the chloride threshold reaches the rebar level, corrosion may start with the disappearance of the passive layer existing in the alkaline media.
#SPECTRA SYNERGY GOLD UPGRADE#
* The Synergy Gold is an insurance upgrade and will require a copayment.In alkaline media, the steel develops the so-called ‘passive layer’ that maintains the metal in passive state for decades unless aggressive substances reach the reinforcement ( Elsener et al., 2011 Ghods et al., 2011). International voltage compatible but only US wall outlet prong included.
One (1) Spectra 12-Volt AC Power Adapter.Includes nipple, cap, disc and cover for each bottle Two (2) Spectra Wide Neck Storage Bottles.Two (2) Spectra Tubing with Adapter Ends for each Tubing.Includes silicone membrane, uppercase, and lowercase caps for each Backflow Protector
The Spectra Synergy Gold comes with everything you need to single or double pump. ( 2 ) Years Warranty on pump | 90 days on accessories.Touch screen LCD with timer control and mute mode.
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